DMCA (Copyright) Complaint to Google

sender

Motion Picture Association of America

on behalf of Paramount Pictures Corporation, Sony Pictures Entertainment Inc., Twentieth Century F

[Private] , , , US Sent on June 16, 2014

recipient

Google, Inc.

[Private] Mountain View, CA, 94043, US Received on June 16, 2014

Re: Websearch Infringement Notification via Online Form Complaint

Sent via: online form

Notice Type:: Dmca

Action taken:: Yes

Copyright claim #1

Kind of Work: unknown

Description Edge of Tomorrow
Original URLs:
Allegedly Infringing URLs:
1. http://www.reddit.com/r/fulllengthfilms/
Copyright claim #2

Kind of Work: movie

Description Edge of Tomorrow
Original URLs:
Allegedly Infringing URLs:
1. http://www.solarmovie.tl/
Copyright claim #3

Kind of Work: movie

Description Edge of Tomorrow
Original URLs:
Allegedly Infringing URLs:
1. http://www.movie2k.net/
Copyright claim #4

Kind of Work: movie

Description Man of Steel
Original URLs:
Allegedly Infringing URLs:
1. http://wheretofindfreemovies.blogspot.com/
Copyright claim #5

Kind of Work: movie

Description The Big Bang Theory
Original URLs:
Allegedly Infringing URLs:
1. http://www.movie4k.to/featured-shows.html
Copyright claim #6

Kind of Work: movie

Description Frozen
Original URLs:
Allegedly Infringing URLs:
1. http://moviesonlinewithoutdownloadfree.blogspot.com/2013/03/watch-disney-movies-online-for-free.html
Copyright claim #7

Kind of Work: movie

Description The Quick and the Dead
Original URLs:
Allegedly Infringing URLs:
1. http://www.iosmovies.com/
Copyright claim #8

Kind of Work: movie

Description Barbie: The Princess & The Popstar
Original URLs:
Allegedly Infringing URLs:
1. http://freebarbiemovies.blogspot.com/
Copyright claim #9

Kind of Work: movie

Description Bolt
Original URLs:
Allegedly Infringing URLs:
1. http://www.cornel1801.com/disney/movies.html
Copyright claim #10

Kind of Work: unknown

Description Believe
Original URLs:
Allegedly Infringing URLs:
1. http://watchseries.lt/tvschedule/-1
Copyright claim #11

Kind of Work: unknown

Description Believe
Original URLs:
Allegedly Infringing URLs:
1. http://watchtvlinks.sx/
Copyright claim #12

Kind of Work: unknown

Description The Big Bang Theory
Original URLs:
Allegedly Infringing URLs:
1. http://www.watchseries.to/
Copyright claim #13

Kind of Work: unknown

Description The Vampire Diaries
Original URLs:
Allegedly Infringing URLs:
1. http://www.cucirca.eu/13-places-to-watch-tv-online-for-free/
Copyright claim #14

Kind of Work: unknown

Description Modern Family
Original URLs:
Allegedly Infringing URLs:
1. http://www.cucirca.eu/watch-modern-family-episodes-online-free/
Copyright claim #15

Kind of Work: unknown

Description Just Go With It
Original URLs:
Allegedly Infringing URLs:
1. http://megashare.info/watch-just-go-with-it-online-TWpneU53PT0
Copyright claim #16

Kind of Work: unknown

Description The Simpsons
Original URLs:
Allegedly Infringing URLs:
1. http://www.wtso.cc/
Copyright claim #17

Kind of Work: movie

Description 127 Hours
Original URLs:
Allegedly Infringing URLs:
1. http://moviestreamhd.com/
Copyright claim #18

Kind of Work: unknown

Description Whose Line Is It Anyway
Original URLs:
Allegedly Infringing URLs:
1. http://whoselineonline.org/
Copyright claim #19

Kind of Work: unknown

Description Seinfeld
Original URLs:
Allegedly Infringing URLs:
1. http://seinfeld-episodes.com/

Related FAQs

What are the counter-notice and put-back procedures?

In order to ensure that copyright owners do not wrongly insist on the removal of materials that actually do not on infringe their copyrights, the safe harbor provisions require service providers to notify the subscribers if their materials have been removed and to provide them with an opportunity to send a written notice to the service provider stating that the material has been wrongly removed. [512(g)] If a subscriber provides a proper "counter-notice" claiming that the material does not infringe copyrights, the service provider must then promptly notify the claiming party of the individual's objection. [512(g)(2)] If the copyright owner does not bring a lawsuit in district court within 14 days, the service provider is then required to restore the material to its location on its network. [512(g)(2)(C)]

A proper counter-notice must contain the following information:

The subscriber's name, address, phone number and physical or electronic signature [512(g)(3)(A)]
Identification of the material and its location before removal [512(g)(3)(B)]
A statement under penalty of perjury that the material was removed by mistake or misidentification [512(g)(3)(C)]
Subscriber consent to local federal court jurisdiction, or if overseas, to an appropriate judicial body. [512(g)(3)(D)]

If it is determined that the copyright holder misrepresented its claim regarding the infringing material, the copyright holder then becomes liable to the OSP for any damages that resulted from the improper removal of the material. [512(f)]

What is copyright infringement? Are there any defenses?

Infringement occurs whenever someone who is not the copyright holder (or a licensee of the copyright holder) exercises one of the exclusive rights listed above.

The most common defense to an infringement claim is "fair use," a doctrine that allows people to use copyrighted material without permission in certain situations, such as quotations in a book review. To evaluate fair use of copyrighted material, the courts consider four factors:

the purpose and character of the use
the nature of the copyrighted work
the amount and substantiality of copying, and
the market effect.

(17 U.S.C. 107)

The most significant factor in this analysis is the fourth, effect on the market. If a copier's use supplants demand for the original work, then it will be very difficult for him or her to claim fair use. On the other hand, if the use does not compete with the original, for example because it is a parody, criticism, or news report, it is more likely to be permitted as "fair use."

Trademarks are generally subject to fair use in two situations: First, advertisers and other speakers are allowed to use a competitor's trademark when referring to that competitor's product ("nominative use"). Second, the law protects "fair comment," for instance, in parody.

What constitutes unlicensed copy and display of copyrighted material?

Unlicensed use or distribution of copyrighted works is illegal and may be considered a criminal act. Copyright law grants the exclusive right to use, copy, distribute, display, and perform a copyrighted work to the owner of the copyright. The owner of the copyright is the only entity that may grant permission for anyone to use, copy, distribute, display and perform the work.

What defines a service provider under Section 512 of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)?

A service provider is defined as "an entity offering transmission, routing, or providing connections for digital online communications, between or among points specified by a user, of material of the user's choosing, without modification to the content of the material as sent or received" or "a provider of online services or network access, or the operator of facilities thereof." [512(k)(1)(A-B)] This broad definition includes network services companies such as Internet service providers (ISPs), search engines, bulletin board system operators, and even auction web sites. In A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster Inc., the court refused to extend the safe harbor provisions to the Napster software program and service, leaving open the question of whether peer-to-peer networks also qualify for safe harbor protection under Section 512.

There are four major categories of network systems offered by service providers that qualify for protection under the safe harbor provisions:

Conduit Communications include the transmission and routing of information, such as an email or Internet service provider, which store the material only temporarily on their networks. [Sec. 512(a)]
System Caching refers to the temporary copies of data that are made by service providers in providing the various services that require such copying in order to transfer data. [Sec. 512(b)]
Storage Systems refers to services which allow users to store information on their networks, such as a web hosting service or a chat room. [Sec. 512(c)]
Information Location Tools refer to services such as search engines, directories, or pages of recommended web sites which provide links to the allegedly infringing material. [Sec. 512(d)]

What are the criteria a service provider must satisfy in order to qualify for safe harbor protection under Subsection 512(a) of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act?

Subsection 512(a) provides a safe harbor for service providers in regard to communications that do not reside on the service provider

What rights are protected by copyright law?

The purpose of copyright law is to encourage creative work by granting a temporary monopoly in an author's original creations. This monopoly takes the form of six rights in areas where the author retains exclusive control. These rights are:

(1) the right of reproduction (i.e., copying), (2) the right to create derivative works, (3) the right to distribution, (4) the right to performance, (5) the right to display, and (6) the digital transmission performance right.

The law of copyright protects the first two rights in both private and public contexts, whereas an author can only restrict the last four rights in the public sphere. Claims of infringement must show that the defendant exercised one of these rights. For example, if I create unauthorized videotape copies of Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan and distribute them to strangers on the street, then I have infringed both the copyright holder's rights of reproduction and distribution. If I merely re-enact The Wrath of Khan for my family in my home, then I have not infringed on the copyright. Names, ideas and facts are not protected by copyright.

Trademark law, in contrast, is designed to protect consumers from confusion as to the source of goods (as well as to protect the trademark owner's market). To this end, the law gives the owner of a registered trademark the right to use the mark in commerce without confusion. If someone introduces a trademark into the market that is likely to cause confusion, then the newer mark infringes on the older one. The laws of trademark infringement and dilution protect against this likelihood of confusion. Trademark protects names, images and short phrases.

Infringement regulation protects against confusion about the origin of goods. The plaintiff in an infringement suit must show that defendant's use of the mark is likely to cause such a confusion. For instance, if I were an unscrupulous manufacturer, I might attempt to capitalize on the fame of Star Trek by creating a line of 'Spock Activewear.' If consumers could reasonably believe that my activewear was produced or endorsed by the owners of the Spock trademark, then I would be liable for infringement.

The law of trademark dilution protects against confusion concerning the character of a registered trademark. Suppose I created a semi-automatic assault rifle and marketed it as 'The Lt. Uhura 5000.' Even if consumers could not reasonably believe that the Star Trek trademark holders produced this firearm, the trademark holders could claim that my use of their mark harmed the family-oriented character of their mark. I would be liable for dilution.

Do the safe harbor provisions of section 512(c) apply to instances of alleged trademark infringement?

Section 512(c) does not pertain to instances of trademark infringement. Sub-section (1) states, "a service provider shall not be liable for . . . infringement of copyright by reason of the storage at the direction of a user of material that resides on a system or network controlled or operated by or for the service provider . . ." (emphasis added). On its face, therefore, 512(c) is not applicable to a situation in which a trademark holder gives notice to an on-line service provider (OSP) that a user is infringing his or her intellectual property rights. However, in the absence of any caselaw on the subject, should a trademark holder bring a claim for contributory infringement, an OSP might be able to mount a valid defense by analogy to section 512(c).

Does the DMCA require service providers to filter or monitor user postings to their sites?

No. The DMCA safe harbor protections apply to a service provider who responds expeditiously to notices of claimed infringement. Nothing in the statute imposes affirmative obligations to watch for or block potential future infringements.

What are the communication requirements that Section 512 imposes on OSPs, complainants, and alleged infringers?

Each of the parties -- the complainant, the Online Service Provider (OSP), and the alleged infringer -- has the right to communicate with the other parties. In addition, OSPs and complainants are required to engage in certain communications in order to take advantage of the DMCA's notice-and-takedown and safe harbor provisions.

The complainant starts the Sec. 512 process by notifying the Online Service Provider (OSP) or the OSP's agent in writing of a copyright infringement. Section 512(c)(3)(A)(iii) sets out the requirements for notice to OSPs. Under this section, the complainant must specifically identify the material that is claimed to be infringing or to be subject of infringing activity and that is to be removed or access to which is to be disabled, and information reasonably sufficient to permit the service provider to locate the material.

Section 512(d)(3) sets out the procedure for contacting information location tools, such as search engines. Under Sec. 512(d), the complainant must identify the reference or link to the allegedly infringing material, and must provide enough information for the search engine to locate the link.

The complainant is not required to contact the alleged infringer at any time. [§ 512(h)(5).] However, complainants who do wish to contact the infringer, or to file suit on an infringer, may use the Sec. 512(h) subpoena process to require an OSP provide its customers' identifying information to the complainant.

The OSP has two separate sets of communication obligations. First, the OSP is generally required to establish policies regarding copyright infringement and repeat infringers and to inform subscribers and account holders about those policies as well as about the actions taken against repeat infringers. [§ 512(i)(1)(A).] This applies both to Sec. 512(c) ISPs and Sec. 512(d) information location tools.

Second, once an OSP receives a Section 512 takedown notice, it is required to notify its subscriber that it has disabled access to the allegedly infringing material. [§ 512(g)(2)(A).]

A recipient is not required to respond in any way to Sec. 512 notices from OSPs or complainants. However, without a recipient response, the OSP will generally remove or disable access to the material, possibly even disabling an ISP account. To avoid this, the recipient may file a counter-notification with the OSP, denying that the material infringes copyright. [§ 512(g)] If an OSP receives a counter-notification, then the service provider must notify the complainant that it will cease disabling access in 10 business days unless the complainant obtains a court-imposed restraining order. [§ 512(g)(2)(C)]

Do the DMCA 512 provisions apply to page-rank hijacking or sites getting higher page ranks?

[not yet answered]

what is criminal prosecution?

A criminal prosecution is a legal action brought by the state against an individual or group of individuals for violating state criminal laws.

What are the notice and takedown procedures for web sites?

In order to have an allegedly infringing web site removed from a service provider's network, or to have access to an allegedly infringing website disabled, the copyright owner must provide notice to the service provider with the following information:

The name, address, and electronic signature of the complaining party [512(c)(3)(A)(i)]
The infringing materials and their Internet location [512(c)(3)(A)(ii-iii)], or if the service provider is an "information location tool" such as a search engine, the reference or link to the infringing materials [512(d)(3)].
Sufficient information to identify the copyrighted works [512(c)(3)(A)(iv)].
A statement by the owner that it has a good faith belief that there is no legal basis for the use of the materials complained of [512(c)(3)(A)(v)].
A statement of the accuracy of the notice and, under penalty of perjury, that the complaining party is authorized to act on the behalf of the owner [512(c)(3)(A)(vi)].

Once notice is given to the service provider, or in circumstances where the service provider discovers the infringing material itself, it is required to expeditiously remove, or disable access to, the material. The safe harbor provisions do not require the service provider to notify the individual responsible for the allegedly infringing material before it has been removed, but they do require notification after the material is removed.

What happens if an individual is found to repeatedly infringe?

The safe harbor provisions require the service provider to include in its copyright infringement policies a termination policy that results in individuals who repeatedly infringe copyrighted material being removed from the service provider networks. [512(i)(1)(A)] This termination policy must be made public in the terms of use that the service provider includes in its contracts or on its web site.

Does copyright protect words or short phrases?

No. Names, titles, and short phrases are not subject to copyright protection. These are not deemed to be "original works of authorship" under the Copyright Act. Names may be protected by trademark, in some instances. See the  FAQ for more information.

What kinds of things are copyrightable?

In order for material to be copyrightable, it must be original and must be in a fixed medium.

Only material that originated with the author can support a copyright. Items from the public domain which appear in a work, as well as work borrowed from others, cannot be the subject of an infringement claim. Also, certain stock material might not be copyrightable, such as footage that indicates a location like the standard shots of San Francisco in Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home. Also exempted are stock characters like the noisy punk rocker who gets the Vulcan death grip in Star Trek IV.

The requirement that works be in a fixed medium leaves out certain forms of expression, most notably choreography and oral performances such as speeches. For instance, if I perform a Klingon death wail in a local park, my performance is not copyrightable. However, if I film the performance, then the film is copyrightable.

Single words and short phrases are generally not protected by copyright, even when the name has been "coined" or newly-created by the mark owner. Logos that include original design elements can be protected under copyright or under trademark. Otherwise, words, phrases and titles may be protected only by trademark.

Re: Websearch Infringement Notification via Online Form Complaint

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